Unity Int and Float parameters are 32 bits in size, and VRChat does actually support higher-than-8-bit precision on float values between -1 to 1 assigned by the radial (as can be seen in the save files within LocalAvatarData) or other menu options (buttons, toggles) for the local user, regardless of parameter sync.
However the same does not hold true for float values below -1 or above 1, as well as int values below 0 or above 255, even when using unsynced parameters, which seems like an arbitrary limitation or simple oversight given that the full 32 bit types are still being allocated, they simply cannot be set by the menu.
Please allow menu options to specify 32 bit values when using unsynced parameters.